Obsidian is volcanic glass and igneous rock formed from silicon-rich molten magma. Although the most common or well-known obsidian is black, the volcanic glass does come in different colors including “mahogany, red, flame, midnight lace, jet black, pumpkin, brown, rainbow, gold sheen, silver sheen, green, lizard skin, snowflake and more,” (Miller 1). The color variations are due to the iron, magnesium, and other “impurities,” (“Obsidian: Definition, Properties & Uses”). As a glass, more than 70% of obsidian is comprised of silicon dioxide (silica), but unlike quartz, obsidian does not crystallize. Obsidian is formed from magma that cools relatively close to the surface, in the absence of water but in the presence of oxygen, resulting in the creation of polymer chains (“Obsidian: Definition, Properties & Uses”). Unlike pumice and other volcanic rocks, though, obsidian has no gas bubbles. Obsidian is chemically similar to granite, which can also form from magma. However, granite forms deeper beneath the surface of the earth, cooling slowly to allow the mineral crystals to form (Miller). Also unlike granite or its relative quartz, obsidian has no mineral crystals and therefore has its characteristic glassiness (Miller). The lack of mineral crystallization in obsidian is due both to its surface-level cooling but also...

Because of the lack of mineral crystallization in obsidian, it has often been classified as a “mineralioid,” rather than being deemed a true mineral (“Obsidian: Definition, Properties & Uses”).
Obsidian’s chemical composition and its physical properties have made it one of the most important mineral resources in material culture around the world. Available in volcanic regions, the most known areas of human extraction and use of obsidian include the Near East/Mediterranean, the South Pacific, and the Americas. Based on the archaeological record, “obsidian was not necessarily the earliest object of trade, but it certainly seems to be the first for which material evidence remains,” (Renfrew, Dixon and Cann 30). As one of the earliest known traded items, obsidian in the archaeological record lends great insight into the ways early cultures used the mineral in tools.

Obsidian has been used in tools since the Neolithic era, when it was used for trepanation and other “emergency surgery” situations (Shadbolt 1). The reasons why obsidian made such an apt surgical instrument include its physical properties. Although obsidian is softer than quartz on the mineral hardness scale, obsidian fractures in ways…